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Today's Electric Heating Exchange Sharing - Equipment, Instruments and Meters
There are a wide variety of industrial automation instruments, which are divided into five categories based on the process of obtaining, transmitting, reflecting, and processing information. During the production process of testing instruments, the temperature, pressure, flow rate, material level, and other physical quantities of the medium in different parts of equipment and pipelines are constantly changing. A detection instrument is used to detect the values of the aforementioned physical quantities at each instant.
1、 According to the different measured process parameters, detection instruments can be divided into the following types:
1. Temperature instruments: Commonly used temperature measuring instruments include glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, pressure type (thermometer) thermometers, temperature switches, thermocouples, thermal resistors, as well as radiation thermometers such as radiation pyrometers, optical pyrometers, and photoelectric colorimetric pyrometers.
2. Pressure instruments: Pressure measuring instruments are used to detect pressure, vacuum, and differential pressure. According to its working principle, it can be divided into: elastic pressure gauges (which are further divided into spring tube pressure gauges, diaphragm pressure gauges, capsule pressure gauges, pressure switches, etc. based on their elastic components); Sensing pressure gauges (such as resistive, capacitive, inductive, Hall type pressure gauges, etc.); Liquid column pressure gauges (such as U-tube, straight tube, and inclined tube pressure gauges); There are also piston pressure gauges with high accuracy commonly used for calibrating standard pressure gauges.
3. Flow instruments: There are various types of flow measurement instruments, and the most widely used ones are throttling devices and their matching differential pressure flow transmitters. Commonly used throttling devices include orifice plates, nozzles, and Venturi tubes. Other commonly used flow instruments include water meters, rotor flow meters, elliptical gear flow meters, target flow meters, electromagnetic flow meters, vortex flow meters, amoeba flow meters, mass flow meters, etc.
4. Level instruments: Level instruments mainly measure the liquid level of a certain medium or the interface between two different specific gravity liquids and the level of solid materials in towers, tanks, and tanks. The most common liquid level gauges are glass tube level gauges and glass plate level gauges, as well as differential pressure level gauges and buoyancy level gauges (such as float level gauges, level switches, float level gauges, float level gauges, steel strip level gauges, tank level weighing instruments, etc.). There are resistance level meters, capacitance level meters, level switches, heavy hammer detection level meters, tuning fork level meters, ultrasonic level meters, radioactive level meters, etc. used for solid material level detection.
5. Component analysis instrument: Component analysis instrument is used to verify the composition of process media and determine the content of a certain component (or some components up to the entire component). According to its working principle, it can be divided into electrochemical analyzers (such as conductivity meters, industrial acidity meters, zirconia analyzers, etc.), thermal analyzers (such as thermal conductivity analyzers, thermochemical analyzers, infrared analyzers), magnetic conductivity analyzers, photoelectric colorimetric analyzers, mass spectrometers, industrial gas chromatographs, etc. When installing online component analysis instruments, it is generally necessary to pre-treat the samples to ensure that their state, temperature, pressure, flow rate and other parameters meet the requirements of the operating conditions of the analysis instrument. Therefore, it is necessary to configure some pipeline systems composed of filters, dust collectors, drying containers, refrigerators, rotameters, water seals, valves, and pipelines to perform general pre-treatment of the samples. For some special media (such as flue gas dirty gas samples, high-temperature gas samples such as furnace gas, heavy oil analysis sampling, corrosive component sampling, and environmental testing sampling, etc.), the sampling pretreatment system is more complete. This type of finished product sampling pretreatment system is called a sampling pretreatment device. In addition, some physical property detection instruments such as moisture meters, hygrometers, density meters, concentration meters, turbidity meters, viscometers, etc. are often classified as component analysis instruments.
6. Mechanical quantity instruments: Commonly used mechanical quantity instruments in industry include thickness gauges, thermal expansion detectors, tension detectors, deflection detectors, as well as shaft vibration, shaft displacement, speed detection devices and weighing devices for rotating machinery (such as large steam turbine compressors, etc.) (such as electric belt scales, belt deviation and slip detection devices, weighing display devices, weighing bagging devices, etc.). Display instruments refer to the instantaneous values used in conjunction with detection instruments to indicate or record the measured parameters, such as dynamic indicators such as ratio meters and millivolt meters used for indication, digital displays, and electronic potentiometers used for indicating or recording temperature Electronic balance bridges (electronic potential difference meters, balance bridges can also be attached with electric or pneumatic regulators to form composite instruments) and integrating instruments with flow accumulation function. On the one hand, the control instrument receives the measurement signals from the process detection instrument and transmitter for display, and on the other hand, sends out regulating signals to control the actions of the actuator (actuator and regulating valve), forming a closed-loop control system.
2、 Control instruments can be divided into two categories based on signal type: analog control instruments and digital control instruments.
1. Analog control instruments include base type instruments, unit combination instruments (pneumatic, electric), and assembled instruments. In the development process of industrial automation instruments from on-site detection and display to centralized control, pneumatic unit combination instruments have produced a type of instrument that integrates measurement, display, and regulation functions. We call it base type regulating instruments or simply base type instruments. For example, indication recording regulators with pneumatic regulators and some local regulators with only a single adjustment function (such as temperature regulators, pressure regulators, differential pressure regulators, flow regulators).
2. Digital control instruments include distributed control systems (DCS), programmable controllers (PLC), industrial control computers (IPC), safety control systems (FSC), etc. The actuator, also known as the control valve, consists of two parts: the actuator and the valve. According to the power source classification of the actuator, there are four major categories: pneumatic control valves, electric control valves, hydraulic control valves, and hybrid control valves. Pneumatic control valves are divided into diaphragm control valves, piston control valves, and long stroke control valves according to their actuator forms. Centralized monitoring and control device: Centralized detection device refers to a device that uses detection components or detectors to display the measured variable or alarm contact signal in a centralized manner; The centralized control device is a device that controls a series of measured variable signals according to a set program on the actuator. Centralized monitoring and control devices include various data acquisition devices, patrol detection devices, signal alarm devices, safety detection devices, industrial television and remote control devices, and sequential control devices.
3、 Centralized monitoring and control devices are generally divided into the following categories:
1. Safety monitoring devices include combustible gas detection and alarm devices, toxic gas detection and alarm devices, flame monitors, automatic ignition devices, combustion safety protection devices, oil leakage detection devices, and high resistance detection devices.
2. Industrial television consists of cameras and their auxiliary equipment (lighting, blowing, cooling devices, and electric turntables), displays and auxiliary equipment (operators, distributors, compensators, switches), etc.
3. The remote control device receives input variable signals, processes information, displays alarms on the screen, and outputs control signals to the control terminal.
4. Signal alarm devices include various types of signal alarm devices such as flash signal alarms, intelligent flash alarm devices, relay line alarm systems, etc.
5. The sequence control devices include relay interlocking protection system, logic monitoring device, sequence control device, and intelligent sequence controller.
6. Data collection and patrol detection alarm devices include data collection devices and patrol detection alarm devices. Other types of automatic control equipment mainly include various types (channel type, cabinet type, frame type, screen type) instrument panels, instrument boxes, operation consoles, insulation (protection) boxes, power supply boxes, etc. Automatic control materials refer to the materials required for instrument installation, which have a wide variety, such as pressure piping (seamless steel pipes, stainless steel pipes, high-pressure pipes), gas supply piping (galvanized steel pipes, brass pipes), gas signal piping (copper pipes, copper cables, nylon cables, connection boxes), electrical piping materials (welded steel pipes, galvanized steel pipes), valves, flanges, and fittings in various piping systems, Electrical equipment materials for self-control (cables, wires, junction boxes, electrical equipment and components), instrument cable trays, angle steel, channel steel and other shaped steel metal materials used for making instrument equipment supports and brackets, heat tracing and insulation materials, and anti-corrosion and oil painting materials.
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